Het principe van "common but differentiated responsibilities" in het internationaal milieurecht.

Ségolène de Borchgrave
Persbericht

Gezocht: rechtvaardigheid in het internationaal milieurecht

Klimaatverandering, het gat in de ozonlaag, biodiversiteitsverlies,… Je hebt er waarschijnlijk al van gehoord. Het zijn milieuproblemen waaronder heel onze planeet lijdt, en waar bijgevolg samenwerking tussen alle landen nodig is om daar verandering in te brengen. Alle landen moeten dus hun steentje bijdragen. Sommigen hebben door hun jarenlange vervuiling echter meer bijgedragen tot de milieuproblemen dan anderen en/of beschikken over meer middelen om iets te doen aan deze problemen. Is het dan niet rechtvaardiger als zij een groter steentje bijdragen dan de overige landen? 

Vier letters - een immense impact

Dit vraagstuk kent een specifiek principe in het internationaal milieurecht, namelijk het principe van “gemeenschappelijke maar gedifferentieerde verantwoordelijkheden”, beter bekend onder het Engelse “common but differentiated responsibilities” en de afkorting CBDR. Het principe koppelt het besef dat iedereen verantwoordelijkheid draagt in de strijd tegen grootschalige milieuproblemen (gemeenschappelijke verantwoordelijkheden) aan de erkenning van het feit dat sommige staten evenwel beter geplaatst zijn dan anderen om in deze strijd zwaardere verantwoordelijkheden op te nemen (gedifferentieerde verantwoordelijkheden). Het “beter geplaatst zijn” hangt af van verschillende factoren, zoals meer bijdragen tot het milieuprobleem dan anderen of het beschikken over meer middelen dan anderen om het probleem te adresseren. In de praktijk leidt dit dus meestal tot verschillende verplichtingen voor ontwikkelde landen, enerzijds, en ontwikkelingslanden, anderzijds.

Het principe verscheen ten tonele dankzij de Verklaring van Rio van 1992 en is sindsdien niet meer weg te denken uit het internationaal milieurecht. Als je naar verschillende milieuverdragen en hun protocollen kijkt, zie je dat telkens een belangrijke rol is weggelegd voor CBDR: het Weens Ozonverdrag en het Montreal Protocol, het Klimaatverdrag en het Kyoto Protocol, het Biodiversiteitsverdrag, het Desertificatieverdrag,… De manier waarop het principe wordt toegepast in deze verdragen en protocollen, is echter zeer divers. De zwaardere verplichtingen bestaan vaak uit het verschaffen van financiële en technologische steun aan de ontwikkelingslanden of het zich verbinden tot strengere emissiereductiepercentages of -schema’s dan de ontwikkelingslanden. De ene keer bestaat er een grote kloof tussen de verschillende verplichtingen die ontwikkelde landen en ontwikkelingslanden hebben, de andere keer is de differentiatie tussen beide categorieën eerder gering. De concrete invulling CBDR varieert naargelang het voorliggend probleem. 

"Ontwikkelingslanden hebben geen recht op een verschillende behandeling!"

Dat CBDR zoveel verschillende toepassingen kan hebben, is zowel een voordeel als een nadeel. Het probleem is namelijk dat landen tijdens verdragsonderhandelingen het zeer moeilijk eens geraken over of en hoe het principe ditmaal zal toegepast worden. Doorheen de jaren hebben de ontwikkelde landen en ontwikkelingslanden dikwijls lijnrecht tegenover elkaar gestaan. De ontwikkelingslanden vinden onder meer dat ze recht hebben op een differentiële behandeling, een visie die niet bepaald warm onthaald wordt door de ontwikkelde landen. Zo haalden de Verenigde Staten regelmatig tijdens verdragsonderhandelingen allerhande creatieve trucjes boven om te vermijden dat CBDR effectief als een recht beschouwd zou kunnen worden…

Doorbraak op til?

De meest recente intiatieven in het kader van ozondepletie en klimaatverandering, waaronder het bekende Akkoord van Parijs, leken evenwel een scharniermoment te betekenen voor CBDR. Niet alleen zie je gelijkaardige tendenzen in de manieren waarop het principe in deze initiatieven wordt toegepast, ook de gemoederen leken ietwat bedaard te zijn nu enkele voordien zeer sceptische ontwikkelde landen zich uitdrukkelijk achter het principe schaarden. 

De veelvuldige toepassing van CBDR in verdragen en de recente initiatieven die lijken tegemoet te komen aan verschillende euvels die met het principe gepaard gingen, doen de vraag rijzen of CBDR anno 2018 deel uitmaakt van het algemeen internationaal milieurecht. Tot nu toe werd aangenomen dat wanneer CBDR vervat, gereflecteerd of vermeld wordt in verdragen, het principe enkel bindend inter partes is en bovendien onderhevig is aan de sterkte of zwakte van de desbetreffende verdragsbepalingen. Zijn we daarentegen op het punt gekomen dat CBDR als een zogenaamd algemeen principe van internationaal milieurecht kan beschouwd worden, dan is de normatieve kracht van het principe niet meer afhankelijk van een verdrag. CBDR is in dat geval een erga omnes bindende rechtsnorm. Voor ontwikkelingslanden zou dit heel wat perspectieven bieden. Te denken valt aan financiële steun die nu niet meer zou afhangen van de bereidheid van ontwikkelde landen om dit in een verdragsverplichting te gieten, maar een op zichzelf staande verplichting zou worden in het internationaal milieurecht… 

Mijn thesis vergelijkt in eerste instantie de verschillende manieren waarop het principe toegepast kan worden, met oog voor de recente ontwikkelingen. Het tracht hierbij antwoord te vinden op de volgende vragen: hoe wordt gedifferentieerd, tussen wie wordt gedifferentieerd en op basis waarvan wordt gedifferentieerd? De antwoorden op deze vragen zullen belangrijk zijn in het tweede deel van mijn thesis. Hierin gaan we namelijk onderzoeken of CBDR ondertussen deel uitmaakt van het algemeen internationaal milieurecht en wat de gevolgen daarvan zouden zijn. De scriptie wordt uiteindelijk afgesloten met een blik op de toekomst, waarbij we naar de evolutie van CBDR in de internationale en nationale rechtspraak kijken en een zeer belangrijk initiatief binnen de Algemene Vergadering van de Verenigde Naties onder de loep nemen. 

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Papers

Biniaz, S., “I Beg to Differ: Taking Account of National Circumstances under the Paris Agreement, the ICAO Market-Based Measure, and the Montreal Protocol’s HFC Amendment”, Columbia University - Sabin Center for Climate Change Law, 2017, 18 p., http://columbiaclimatelaw.com

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Persartikels

“Heatwave made more than twice as likely by climate change, scientists find”, The Guardian, 27 juli 2018, www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/27/heatwave-made-more-than-twi…

 “Klimaatexpert: ‘Doelstellingen klimaatakkoord Parijs realiseren om nog grotere kosten te vermijden’”, VRT nieuws, 27 juli 2018, https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2018/07/27/klimaatexpert-doelstellingen-kl….

“Let the Paris climate deal die. It was never good for anything, anyway”, TheFinancial Post, 18 mei 2018, http://business.financialpost.com/opinion/let-the-paris-climate-deal-di…

“G20 fails to endorse financial transaction tax”, Reuters, 4 november 2011, www.reuters.com/article/g20-tax/g20-fails-to-endorse-financial-transact….

“No 'Pass' for Developing Countries in Next Climate Treaty, Says U.S. Envoy”, TheNew York Times, 9 december 2009, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/12/09/09greenwir….

Websites 

www.adaptation-fund.org

http://chm.pops.int

www.greenclimate.fund

www.health.belgium.be

www.multilateralfund.org

www.thegef.org

https://treaties.un.org

www.unenvironment.org

https://unfccc.int

www.imf.org

www.pactenvironment.org

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master in de rechten
Publicatiejaar
2018
Promotor(en)
Prof. Dr. Frank Maes
Kernwoorden
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