Building an affordable housing stock in a city in transition: An analysis of a national housing scheme in Nagpur, India

Joost Herrebout
Persbericht

Het paradepaardje van de eerste minister: Betaalbare huisvesting voor de allerarmsten in India?

De scriptie onderzoekt het implementatieproces van het Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) programma, het meest recente sociaal huisvestingsprogramma van India. Aan de hand van veldonderzoek in Nagpur, ontrafelt het werk de lagen van een ingewikkelde bureaucratie tot op het niveau van de stedelijke armen, de doelgroep van het programma. Vanuit hun perspectief gaat het onderzoek op zoek naar de rol van de architectuur en stedenbouw in deze belangrijke probleemstelling.

Kaart Nagpur

Zoektocht naar de stem van het volk

SRA Nagpur – 15 oktober 2018

Tijdlijn van veldwerkonderzoek in Nagpur

"Na twee weken veldwerk, raak ik stilaan gewoon aan het leven in Nagpur, een dynamische en veranderende stad. Mijn ‘Carnet de Voyage’ raakt stilaan gevuld en de eerste interviews zijn afgelegd. Vandaag kwam ik alweer een beetje dichter bij het doel van mijn onderzoek. Toen ik toekwam in het SRA gebouw, gelegen buiten het centrum van de stad, was ik voorbereid op mijn eerste contact met de stedelijke armen. De organisatie waar ik bij terecht kwam, was verantwoordelijk voor de administratieve afhandeling van de applicaties voor het Indische huisvestingsschema en het informeren van de bevolking. De dossiers lagen in stapels op rekken, maar ook verspreid over de verscheidene bureaus, en zelfs op de vloer. Overal waren medewerkers bezig met mensen bij te staan en dossiers te sorteren. Het toonde me hoe druk, ingewikkeld en dringend de oplossing voor het huisvestingsprobleem wel niet was."

Foto SRA kantoor

De post in het SRA gebouw was opgericht om het sociaal huisvestingsprogramma twee jaar na lancering, in een sneller tempo te laten opschieten. De gemeente van Nagpur had in 2016 een enquête gepubliceerd om de stedelijke armen de kans te geven zich op te geven voor het PMAY programma. Daarna verstreek er een periode van twee jaar waarbij de kandidaten in het ongewisse bleven, in de steek gelaten. Ook nadat de activiteiten terug werden opgestart, lieten de mensen weten in interviews dat er geen concrete informatie werd gegeven naar hoe ver de nieuwe huizen gevorderd waren, inspraak in het ontwerp of de realisatie werd al zeker niet aangeboden. Een gevoel van wanhoop en onbegrip sprak uit vele interviews met verscheidene slum bewoners in hun zoektocht naar een betaalbare woning. Doorheen mijn verblijf in Nagpur, ging ik op zoek naar de stem van het volk in de uitvoering van het nationaal programma.

Van kluwen naar overzicht: analyse van de bureaucratie

Om de rol van het volk te vinden, is het belangrijk te begrijpen hoe het programma geïmplementeerd wordt in de Indische steden. ‘Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Housing for All (Urban): Scheme Guidelines’, dat is de titel van het centrale uitvoeringsdocument voor het huidige sociale huisvestingsbeleid in India. Het document begeleid elke betrokkene door de verscheidene strategieën, van beleidsmaker over stadsplanner tot mogelijke begunstigde. Het document stelt een duidelijke strategie voor en voorziet een uitvoeringsmethode om de steden een houvast te geven tijdens de implementatieperiode. En toch lijkt het nationaal programma maar weinig succes te boeken in verscheidene steden, verspreid doorheen het land.

Voorpagina 'Guidelines' voor PMAY

Het neemt een plaatselijke architect of planner dan ook enkele leessessies om de handleiding (volledig) te begrijpen. Tussen het woud van afkortingen door, lijken de strategieën meer en meer tekorten te tonen, hoe verder men de voorgeschreven methode volgt. Reken maar dat ongeletterde, stedelijke armen weinig of niks van de gebruikte strategieën afwisten.

De regering wijzigde deze methode dan ook verscheidene keren in de eerste uitvoeringsjaren, met als gevolg dat de minieme structuur volledig wegviel in het nu al chaotische bouwlandschap. PMAY in Nagpur bestond dan ook uit drie onafhankelijke ‘uitvoerende organisaties’ die zonder centrale coördinatie projecten uitvoerden. Daarnaast waren er twee of drie organisaties die de lijst van geïnteresseerden na twee jaar moesten vervolledigen, een ervan had zelfs geen actieve personeelsleden in de stad zelf.

Met de structuur die te vinden is in de handleiding ging ik toch maar aan de slag. Zo ging ik bij elk interview of document op zoek naar welke rol het speelde in de initiële uitvoeringsmethode. Of kreeg het net een nieuwe rol toebedeeld? Zo probeerde ik in het kluwen dat de PMAY uitvoering in Nagpur was, toch een structuur terug te vinden.

Overzicht PMAY betrokkenen in Nagpur

Architectuur voor de gemeenschap?!

Naast de uitvoering van het beleid is het resultaat een belangrijke factor in het succes. Het is dan ook belangrijk te vragen of de nieuwe huisvesting een duurzame verbetering is voor het leven van de begunstigden. Bij het binnengaan van de Dhanteshwara Slum, in het zuidoosten van Nagpur, steek je als voetganger een grens over. Van de drukke, brede wegen die de commerciële centra van Nagpur met elkaar verbinden, komt men terecht in een fijnmazig net van steegjes. Het kleine doolhof bestaat uit veelal robuuste huizen van meerdere verdiepingen, met hier en daar een recenter gebouwd hutje. In bepaalde gebouwtjes is er een klein werkatelier gevestigd of mensen werken buiten op de straat. De steegjes verbinden verscheidene kleine pleintjes waar af en toe een waterput aanwezig is. Spelende kinderen hollen rond op deze open plekken tussen enkele groepjes pratende mannen en vrouwen. De Dhanteshwara Slum is zeker en vast een hechte gemeenschap, afhankelijk van publieke en intieme ruimtes om sociale banden te smeden en te behouden.

Kaart Dhanteshwara SlumFoto Dhanteshwara Slum

Het contrast met de nieuwe projecten van PMAY is dan ook groot. In de nieuwe wijk van Wathoda is er weinig sprake van een intieme publieke ruimte of een verscheidenheid aan plekken. De strakke appartementsblokken, geordend op een rechte lijn op een minimale afstand van elkaar, worden met elkaar verbonden door slechts een weg die begrensd wordt door parkeerplaatsen voor auto’s en scooters. De flats worden dan weer verbonden door een smalle gang die rechtstreeks naar de trappenhal leidt, waar weinig plaats is voorzien voor een kind met een bal of voor een gezellige babbel met de buurvrouw.

Kaart bouwwerf WathodaFoto bouwwerf Wathoda

Als student architectuur, ging ik van bij het begin op zoek naar de rol van de architect of planner in het verhaal van PMAY.

In de verscheidene probleemstellingen, ontdekte ik gemiste kansen en ging in mijn thesis op zoek naar een mogelijk passend antwoord.

Bibliografie

References

Books and publications

Andavarapu, Deepika, and David J. Edelman. “Evolution of Slum Redevelopment Policy.” Current Urban Studies 01, no. 04 (2013): 185-92. doi:10.4236/cus.2013.14021.
Arnstein, Sherry R. “A Ladder Of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35, no. 4 (1969): 216-24. doi:10.1080/01944366908977225.
Banerjee-Guha, Swapna. “Neoliberalising the ‘Urban’: New Geographies of Power and Injustice in Indian Cities.” Economic and Political Weekly 44, no. 22 (2009): 95-107. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40279062.
Batrā, Lalita. A Review of Urbanisation and Urban Policy in Post-independent India. New Delhi: Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2009.
Boonyabancha, Somsook. “Baan Mankong: Going to Scale with “slum” and Squatter Upgrading in Thailand.” Environment and Urbanization17, no. 1 (April 2005): 21-46. Accessed June 17, 2019. doi:10.1177/095624780501700104.
Buckley, R. M. “Housing Policy in Developing Countries: Conjectures and Refutations.” The World Bank Research Observer 20, no. 2 (2005): 233-57. Accessed June 6, 2019. doi:10.1093/wbro/lki007.
Chaplin, Susan E. “Indian Cities, Sanitation and the State: The Politics of the Failure to Provide.” Environment and Urbanization 23, no. 1 (April 2011): 57-70. Accessed April 12, 2019. doi:10.1177/0956247810396277.
Das, P.K. “Slums: The Continuing Struggle for Housing.” Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition, 2003, 207-34. doi:10.1107/s0108270113015370/sk3488sup1.cif.
Davis, Mike Planet of Slums. London: Verso, 2006.
De Geest, Febe, and Simon De Nys-Ketels. 2019. “Everyday Resistance : Exposing the Complexities of Participatory Slum-upgrading Projects in Nagpur.” Housing Studies: 1–17.
Dehaene, Michiel. “A Conservative Framework for Regional Development.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 25, no. 2 (2005): 131-48. doi:10.1177/0739456x04270369.
Doebele, William A. “The Evolution of Concepts of Urban Land Tenure in Developing Countries.” Habitat International 11, no. 1 (1987): 7-22. Accessed June 6, 2019. doi:10.1016/0197-3975(87)90030-0.
França, Elisabete. “Slum Upgrading: A Challenge as Big as the City of São Paulo.” Focus, vol. 10, no. 1, 2013, doi:10.15368/focus.2013v10n1.10.
Hindman, M, O., Lu-Hill, S., Murphy, S., Rao, Y., Shah and Z Zhu. “Addressing slum redevelopment issues in India.” Ann Arbor (2015).
Kamath, Lalitha. “New Policy Paradigms and Actual Practices in Slum Housing: The Case of Housing Projects in Bengaluru.” Economic and Political Weekly 47, no. 47/48 (2012): 76-86. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41720412.
Mahadevia, Darshini. “Branded and Renewed? Policies, Politics and Processes of Urban Development in the Reform Era.” Economic and Political Weekly 46, no. 31 (July 2011): 56-64. Accessed April 11, 2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288605955_Branded_and_renewed_….
Mukhija, Vinit. “Enabling Slum Redevelopment in Mumbai: Policy Paradox in Practice.” Housing Studies 16, no. 6 (2001): 791-806. doi:10.1080/02673030120090548.
Mukhija, Vinit. “The Contradictions in Enabling Private Developers of Affordable Housing: A Cautionary Case from Ahmedabad, India.” Urban Studies 41, no. 11 (2004): 2231-244. doi:10.1080/0042098042000268438.
Mukhija, Vinit. Squatters as Developers?: Slum Redevelopment in Mumbai. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2003.
Patel, Sheela. “Upgrade, Rehouse or Resettle? An Assessment of the Indian Government’s Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) Programme.” Environment and Urbanization 25, no. 1 (2013): 177-88. doi:10.1177/0956247812473731.
Patel, Sheela, and Sheridan Bartlett. ““We Beat the Path by Walking” Part II: Three Construction Projects That Advanced the Learning and Credibility of the Indian Alliance.” Environment and Urbanization 28, no. 2 (2016): 495-514. doi:10.1177/0956247816644399.
Patel, Shirish B. “Housing for All by 2022 Assignment Delivered, Accountability Nil.” Economic & Political Weekly 51, no. 10 (March 05, 2016). March 05, 2016. Accessed April 10, 2019. https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/10/perspectives/housing-all-2022.html.
Patel, Sujata, and Jim Masselos. Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2005. Accessed April 11, 2019. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/30242757/slums-the-cont… Xlna3uN5GmNYLI=&response-content-disposition=inline; filename=Slums_the_continuing_struggle_for_housin.pdf.
Pugh, Cedric. “The Idea of Enablement in Housing Sector Development.” Cities 11, no. 6 (1994): 357-71. Accessed June 7, 2019. doi:10.1016/0264-2751(94)90068-x.
Singh, Nirvikar. “Fiscal Decentralization in China and India: Competitive, Cooperative or Market Preserving Federalism?” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2007. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1282264.
Sivam, Alpana, and Sadasivam Karuppannan. “Role of State and Market in Housing Delivery for Low-income Groups in India.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 17, no. 1 (2002): 69-88. Accessed June 7, 2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014831817503.
Social Housing in Sao Paulo: Challenges and New Management Tools. Cities Alliance, 2009.
Turner, John F. C., and Robert Fichter. Freedom to Build; Dweller Control of the Housing Process. New York: Macmillan, 1972.
Turok, Ivan. The Evolution of National Urban Policies: A Global Overview. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat, 2014.
Usavagovitwong, Nattawut. “Baan Mankong at Klong Bang Bua: The Community Guidebook.” Community Act Network, 2012.
“Using Technology to Transform Urban Planning in São Paulo | Cities Alliance.” Cities Alliance. January 25, 2019. Accessed June 16, 2019. https://citiesalliance.org/resources/knowledge/cities-alliance-action/u….
Yadav, Vriddhi. “Riverfront Development in Indian Cities: The Missing Link.” October 2016. Accessed March 30, 2019. doi:10.5176/2425-0112_uppd16.34.

Government publications and reports

CRISIL. City Development Plan for Nagpur, 2041: Final Report. Report. Ministry of Urban Development & World Bank, Government of India. 2015.
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT FOR NAGPUR METRO RAIL PROJECT. Report. Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Government of India. Nagpur, Maharashtra: Nagpur Improvement Trus, 2013.
Detailed Project Report: Affordable Housing for Urban Poor Under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. Report. Nagpur Improvement Trust. Nagpur, Maharashtra.
Detailed Project Report: REJUVENATION OF NAG RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN NAGPUR CITY. Report. Nagpur Municipal Corporation, Government of India. Nagpur, Maharashtra: NMC, 2012.
India. Government of Maharashtra. Law and Judiciary Department. Maharashtra Act No; XXVIII of 1971: The Maharashtra Slum Areas (Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment) Act, 1971. 1971.
India. Nagpur Municipal Corporation. Slum Rehabilitation Authority. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Housing For All Plan of Action. Nagpur, Maharashtra, 2016.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: Housing For All (Urban) Scheme Guidelines 2015. Report. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. Government of India, 2015.
Rajiv Awas Yojana: Guidelines for Slum-free City Planning. Report. Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India. New Delhi, Delhi: Government of India.
Request for Proposal: For Empanelment of Contractor for Construction and Development of 10000 Dwelling Units of Affordable Housing for Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Low Income Group (LIG) including the Required Basic Infrastructure of Roads, Utilities, Social Amenities Etc. on Design and Construct Basis under “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) – Housing For All (urban)” Mission at Multiple Locations under the Jurisdiction of Nagpur Improvement Trust/ Authority Nagpur. Technical paper. Nagpur Improvement Trust. Nagpur, Maharashtra, 2017.
Smart City Mission Transform-Nation: Mission Statement & Guidelines. Report. Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. 2015.
Smart City Proposal Nagpur. Report. Nagpur Municipal Corporation. Nagpur, Maharashtra: Nagpur Municipal Corporation.
State of Maharashtra. Engaging with Maharashtra’s Smart City Programme: The Way Forward. Maharashtra: Radhika Singh, Rhea Goyal & Enid Still.

Dissertations and reports

Aishwarya, T. Administrative Reforms for Urban Poverty Alleviation: A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh. Master’s thesis, Osmania University, 2014. Chapter 2. Accessed April 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/21283.
Bhatkal, Tanvi, and Paula Lucci. Community Driven Development in the Slums: Thailand’s Experience. Report. Development Progress, Overseas Development Institute. London, 2015. Accessed June 17, 2019. https://www.odi.org/publications/9624-community-driven-development-slum….
CHP International, and Center For Sustainable Development. Slum Strategy for Nagpur: Draft Report. Report. Nagpur. Nagpur, Maharashtra, 2010.
Decoding Housing for All by 2022. Report. KPMG India, KPMG. KPMG, 2014. Accessed April 10, 2019. https://home.kpmg/in/en/home/insights.html.
De Geest, Febe. Redeveloped Houses: Contextualizing the Experiences of Slum Improvement in Nagpur within Global Dynamics and Local Complexities. Master’s thesis, University of Ghent, 2016.
Nandankar, P.K., Dr., P.L. Dewangan, and R.V. Surpam, Mrs. Climate of Nagpur. Report. India Meteorological Department, Regional Meteorological Centre Airport, Nagpur.
Sajith, M. ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL FINANCING AGENCIES IN THE GROWTH OF HOUSING FINANCE SECTOR IN KERALA. Master’s thesis, University of Calicut, 2014. Calicut, 2014. Chapter 3.  Accessed April 11, 2019. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/92990/12/12_chapter 3.pdf.
Planning Document: Testsite Paraisopolis. 2008. Document 4th IABR in collaboration with SEHAB
Shanker, E. Evaluation of Housing Programmes in Telangana A Study of Select Districts. Master’s thesis, Osmania University, 2015. Osmania, 2015. Chapter 2. Accessed April 11, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10603/175785.

Interviews

Balpande, Sunil. “Nagpur Improvement Trust.” Interview by author. October 20, 2018.
Buddhe, Leena. “Working at CFSD.” Interview by author. October 3, 2018.
Chandel, Abhijeet. “Improving Living Environments.” Interview by author. November 21, 2018.
Kale, Deepti. “Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority.” Interview by author. November 22, 2018.
Nagpure, Harshwardhan. “Obsolete Survey.” Interview by author. October 8, 2018.
Panjabi, Valerie Almeda. “Beneficiary Interviews.” Interview by author. October 16 and 19, 2018.
Pasate, Sanjivani N. “Coordination AIILSG.” Interview by author. October 15, 2018.
Pathak, Jayant. “Initial Demand Survey PMAY.” Interview by author. October 4, 2018.
Rahate, Raju. “Nagpur Municipal Corporation.” Interview by author. November 1, 2018.

Electronic articles

“A History of Favela Upgrades Part I (1897-1988).” RioOnWatch. Accessed June 23, 2019. https://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=5295.
“About Cities Alliance.” Cities Alliance. Accessed June 08, 2019. https://www.citiesalliance.org/index.php/about-cities-alliance.
“About NIT.” Nagpur Improvement Trust. Accessed April 26, 2019. https://nitnagpur.org/index.aspx.
“About Us.” Nagpur Municipal Corporation. Accessed April 25, 2019. https://www.nmcnagpur.gov.in/#.
Anparthi, Anjaya. “AFD France to Fund Nag Riverfront Development Project - Times of India.” The Times of India. October 29, 2017. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/afd-france-to-fund-nag-….
Anparthi, Anjaya. “Nag River Rejuvenation Plan to Swell with Addition of Sewage Schemes - Times of India.” The Times of India. November 22, 2015. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Nag-River-rejuvenation-….
Anparthi, Anjaya. “Rs 1,600 Crore Nag Riverfront Developement DPR to Be Ready in April - Times of India.” The Times of India. December 19, 2017. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/rs-1600cr-nag-riverfron….
Beeli, Mario, Zachary Secor, Samuel Smith, Jonas Nauwelaerts De Age, and Raphael Jans. “CHRISTIAN KEREZ · Paraisópolis – Jardim Colombo.” Divisare. Accessed July 17, 2019. https://divisare.com/projects/172111-christian-kerez-fabio-knoll-parais….
Behl, Manka. “Cleaning City’s Drains in a Natural Way - Times of India.” The Times of India. April 08, 2018. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/cleaning-citys-drains-i….
Buddhe, Leena. “Post ‘Patta Watap’.” Facebook. July 13, 2019. Accessed July 14, 2019. https://www.facebook.com/leena.buddhe?__tn__=,dC-R-R&eid=ARDPjkuX6pWzTs….
Chakraborty, Proshun. “Nag River Project Yet to See Light of the Day - Times of India.” The Times of India. April 18, 2017. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nag-river-project-yet-t….
“CM Devendra Fadnavis Sells Nagpur to Attract Investments at Davos.” The Indian Express. January 23, 2015. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maharashtra/cm-devendra-fadnavi….
Dahat, Pavan. “Dalits Throng Deeksha Bhoomi in Nagpur.” The Hindu. October 13, 2013. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dalits-throng-deeksha-bhoomi-in-….
Deshpande, Vivek. “Nagpur Metro: In First Trial Run, Three-coach Train Covers 11.5 Km at Speed of 45 Kmph.” The Indian Express. February 18, 2019. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/nagpur-metro-in-first-t….
Frearson, Amy. “Jardim Edite Social Housing Complex by MMBB and H F Arquitetos.” Dezeen. September 25, 2013. Accessed July 17, 2019. https://www.dezeen.com/2013/08/15/jardim-edite-social-housing-complex/.
“Glocal Square Nagpur.” Goelganga. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://www.goelganga.com/commercial-projects-shops-showrooms-nagpur-gl….
Gupta, Surojit. “Global Economic Research: ‘17 of 20 Fastest-growing Cities in the World Will Be from India’ | India News - Times of India.” The Times of India. December 07, 2018. Accessed June 19, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/17-of-20-fastest-growing-citi….
“HabitaSAMPA.” HabitaSAMPA. Accessed July 17, 2019. http://www.habitasampa.inf.br/.
Hennigan, Tom. “Jardim Edite Social Housing.” Architectural Record RSS. October 12, 2016. Accessed July 17, 2019. https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/7921-jardim-edite-social-h….
“History of Nagpur.” NMC Nagpur. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://www.nmcnagpur.gov.in/history-of-nagpur1539608892.
“History Of Nagpur.” Maharashtra Web. Accessed March 28, 2019. http://www.maharashtraweb.com/Cities/Nagpur/historyofnagpur.asp.
“Indian Art History: Vedic Period Art Preceded by Indus Valley Art.” E India Art Festival. Accessed July 22, 2019. http://eindiaartfestival.com/art-history/the-vedic-period/.
“JARDIM COLOMBO: A SELECTIVE CHRONOLOGY - CHRISTIAN KEREZ in Collaboration with HUGO MESQUITA - Google Arts & Culture.” Google. Accessed July 17, 2019. https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/jardim-colombo-a-selective-chro….
“Kampung Improvement Programme | Aga Khan Development Network.” AKDN. Accessed June 23, 2019. https://www.akdn.org/architecture/project/kampung-improvement-programme.
Kushwana, Rajeev Ranjan. “NMC’s Demand Survey for ‘Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Housing for All 2022 Scheme’ Begins.” Nagpur Today. February 22, 2016. Accessed April 22, 2019. https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nmcs-demand-survey-for-pradhan-mantri-awas-y….
Khapre, Shubhangi. “Make In India: Nagpur, CM Fadnavis’ Hometown, Emerges as the New Investment Destination.” The Indian Express. February 20, 2016. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/make-in-india-nagpur-cm….
Konthoujam, Somorjit -. “GLOCAL SQUARE, NAGPUR.” METAPHOR DESIGNS. Accessed March 28, 2019. http://www.metaphors-design.com/glocal-square.html.
“Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority.” Mhada. Accessed June 08, 2019. https://mhada.gov.in/en.
“Maharashtra Plans 800-km Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway.” The Hindu. March 29, 2016. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-plans-800km-mum….
“MIHAN.” Pushkar Group. Accessed March 28, 2019. http://www.pushkargroup.com/aboutus.html#MIHAN.
“MIHAN.” Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://madc.maharashtra.gov.in/index.php/information/about_mihan.
“Nagpur.” All India Institute of Local Self-Government. Accessed April 24, 2019. http://www.aiilsg.org/nagpur/.
“Nagpur.” Wikipedia. March 27, 2019. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagpur#Second_capital_of_Maharashtra.
“Nagpur Geography.” Maps of India. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://www.mapsofindia.com/nagpur/geography-and-history/.
“Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Limited (NMRCL).” Official Website of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. Accessed March 30, 2019. http://www.metrorailnagpur.com/company.aspx.
Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Limited. Accessed March 28, 2019. http://nsscdcl.org/.
“Official Site of Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Limited.” Official Website of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. Accessed March 30, 2019. http://www.metrorailnagpur.com/.
“Ownership Pattas (Land Titles) to 2 Lakh Slum Dwellers in Maharashtra.” Sarkari Yojana. December 17, 2018. Accessed April 27, 2019. https://sarkariyojana.net/ownership-pattas-land-titles-to-2-lakh-slum-d….
“PM Awas Yojana Demand Survey Housing Scheme in Nagpur by NMC.” Sarkari Yojana. February 23, 2016. Accessed April 22, 2019. https://sarkariyojana.com/pm-awas-yojana-demand-survey-housing-scheme-i….
“Profile.” All India Institute of Local Self-Government. Accessed April 24, 2019. http://www.aiilsg.org/profile/.
“Projeto De Moradias Para Favela Em SP é Destaque Na Bienal De Veneza.” Universa. Accessed July 17, 2019. https://universa.uol.com.br/noticias/bbc/2016/06/04/projeto-de-moradias….
PTI. “Nitin Gadkari Praises Nagpur Metro Project - Times of India.” The Times of India. March 08, 2019. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nitin-gadkari-praises-nagpur-….
“Sanitary Inspector’s Diploma Course (S.I.).” All India Institute of Local Self-Government. Accessed April 24, 2019. http://www.aiilsg.org/sanitary-inspectors-diploma-course-s-i/.
“Thailand Upgraded Thousands of Its Slums by Giving Residents Control.” Apolitical. Accessed June 23, 2019. https://apolitical.co/solution_article/thailand-upgraded-thousands-slum….
TNN. “AFD Submits DPR of Nag Riverfront Project - Times of India.” The Times of India. December 13, 2018. Accessed March 30, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/afd-submits-dpr-of-nag-….
TNN. “Fadnavis 4th CM from Vidarbha - Times of India.” The Times of India. October 28, 2014. Accessed March 28, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Fadnavis-4th-CM-from-Vi….
TNN. “NIT Plans Metro with Eyes on 2031.” The Times of India. November 16, 2007. Accessed April 26, 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/NIT_plans_metro_with_eyes_on….
“Vidarbha Movement -- Nagpur Pact -- Separate Statehood Demands -- Kelkar Panel Report on Balanced Regional Dev. in Maharashtra.” IAS OUR DREAM. Accessed March 28, 2019. http://swapsushias.blogspot.com/2014/12/vidarbha-movement-nagpur-pact-s….
“Welcome to Slum Rehabilitation Authority.” Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA). Accessed April 24, 2019. https://sra.gov.in/page/innerpage/about-us.php.
“Why Nagpur Metro.” Official Website of Nagpur Metro Rail Project. Accessed March 30, 2019. http://www.metrorailnagpur.com/whynagpurmetro.aspx.

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Science in de Ingenieurswetenschappen: Architectuur: Stadsontwerp en Architectuur
Publicatiejaar
2019
Promotor(en)
Prof. Dr. Ir.-Arch. Johan Lagae, Prof. Joachim Declerck
Kernwoorden
Share this on: