"Smartphonende" ouders: Hoe beschikbaar zijn ze voor hun kinderen en hoe voeden ze hun kinderen op?

Kato Swinnen
Persbericht

De smartphone: een zegen of eerder een stoorzender binnen het gezin?

Tegenwoordig is de smartphone niet meer weg te denken uit het straatbeeld. Zowel de jeugd als de oudere garde loopt frequent te tokkelen op het kleine scherm, zowel in de metro, op straat als in de huiskamer. Het is dan ook opmerkelijk dat 81% van de Vlaamse huishoudens in 2018 beschikte over een smartphone, wat een stijging van 42% inhoudt ten opzichte van 2012. Hoewel ouders zich vaak openlijk zorgen baren over het smartphonegebruik van hun kind, is de omgekeerde beweging niet minder waar. Zo organiseerde Emil Rustige, een 7-jarige jongen uit Hamburg, samen met zijn ouders op 8 september 2018 een demonstratie tegen het smartphonegebruik van ouders. De slogan luidde: “Speel met mij! Niet met jullie smartphones!”. Omdat onderzoek naar de rol en de effecten van ouderlijk smartphonegebruik tot op heden beperkt bleef, onderzochten we in het kader van mijn masterproef het verband tussen ouderlijk smartphonegebruik en andere opvoedingspraktijken.

 

De smartphone: een extra kind in het gezin?

Enkele studies, zoals die van Golen en Ventura (2015) of Hiniker en collega’s (2015), merkten enkele opvallende trends op bij ouders die hun smartphone gebruikten in het bijzijn van hun kinderen. Zo reageerden ouders over het algemeen minder sensitief, waren ze minder aandachtig en reageerden ze op verschillende manieren op de noden van hun kind. Sommige ouders gingen zich, na het wegleggen van hun smartphone net meer bezighouden met hun kind (als een soort compensatiebeweging), terwijl andere ouders eerder geïrriteerd en koel reageerden (als een soort reactiebeweging). Ouders die hun smartphonegebruik onder controle probeerden te houden, ondervonden dat dit niet zo evident was. Het wegleggen van de smartphone lijkt een grote inspanning te vragen van ouders. Binnen onze studie vroegen we ons af of de soort motivatie die schuilt achter het wegleggen van de smartphone de verschillen kan verklaren in hoe ouders reageerden op hun kind. 

 

De inspanning om smartphonegebruik onder controle te houden: effectief of niet?

Voor dit onderzoek werden vragenlijsten afgenomen bij 160 “smartphonende” ouders. Enkele deelnemende ouders probeerden hun smartphonegebruik reeds onder controle te houden, wat effectief resulteerde in het minder gebruiken van het toestel dat ons op sommige momenten (soms onbewust) zo in beslag neemt, in tegenstelling tot ouders die minder bewust omgingen met hun smartphone. Deze ouders waren daarnaast aandachtiger en reageerden sensitiever. Een vermogen dat binnen de psychologie ‘psychologische beschikbaarheid’ wordt genoemd. De ouders die net minder vaak probeerden hun smartphone weg te leggen, voedden hun kinderen daarentegen op een meer controlerende manier op.

 

De motivatie achter deze inspanning

Aan de deelnemende ouders werd gevraagd waarom ze nu precies hun smartphone wegleggen wanneer hun kinderen in de buurt zijn. De studie bevroeg de motivatie die schuilt achter het wegleggen van de smartphone. Er werd gebruik gemaakt van de Zelf-Determinatie Theorie om de verschillende soorten motivatie van ouders op een rijtje te zetten. Ouders die hun smartphone wegleggen omdat ze dit belangrijk vinden als ouder, en dit dus eerder doen vanuit zichzelf, gaan hun smartphone effectief minder gebruiken in tegenstelling tot ouders die hun toestel wegleggen omdat hun kind anders zou zeuren (externe motivatie). Ouders die autonoom gemotiveerd zijn, luisteren daarnaast meer naar het perspectief van hun kinderen en geven hun kinderen de vrijheid tot het hebben van eigen ideeën, wat men ‘autonomieondersteuning’ noemt, in tegenstelling tot ouders die vooral het gezeur van hun kind proberen te vermijden. De motivatie van ouders heeft ook een impact op de inspanning die ze reeds leveren tot het wegleggen van hun smartphone. Deze inspanning is kwaliteitsvoller wanneer deze autonoom gemotiveerd is. Dan hangt het wegleggen van je smartphone samen met meer autonomieondersteuning. Daarentegen is deze inspanning minder kwaliteitsvol wanneer deze extern gemotiveerd is. Zo hangt het wegleggen van je smartphone samen met minder autonomieondersteuning als je dit doet om het gezeur van je kroost te vermijden. Het is dus niet het wegleggen van je smartphone op zich, maar vooral de reden waarom je dit doet die bepaalt hoe je als ouder gaat reageren op je kind.

 

Hoe voorkom ik dat mijn smartphone een stoorzender wordt/blijft?

Deze studie aan de Universiteit Gent bevestigt dat slechts de inspanning om als ouder je smartphone eventjes aan de kant te leggen reeds een verschil kan maken op het vlak van aandachtig en sensitief omgaan met je kind. Echter speelt de reden waarom je je smartphone weglegt hierin een belangrijke rol. Zo lijkt het zinvoller te zijn de notificaties op je smartphone eventjes uit te schakelen of te negeren vanuit de overtuiging dat je zonder smartphone de ouder kan zijn voor je kind die je wil zijn, eerder dan dat je hem weglegt nadat je kind voor de zoveelste keer aan je mouw trekt met de woorden “Mama/Papa, leg die smartphone eens weg!”.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Psychologie, afstudeerrichting Klinische Psychologie
Publicatiejaar
2019
Promotor(en)
Maarten Vansteenkiste
Kernwoorden
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