The Role of the CJEU in Ensuring that the Principles of Mutual Trust and Recognition Enshrined in the FDEAW Stay in Line with the CFR

Rodrigo Belle Gubbins
Persbericht

Het Hof van Justitie en het Europees Arrestatiebevel, op Weg naar een Prioritering van de Grondrechten?

Met dit onderzoek wordt getracht inzicht te krijgen in het evenwicht dat het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Unie (HvJ) heeft gevonden tussen enerzijds de bescherming van de fundamentele rechten en anderzijds een effectieve justitiële samenwerking tussen de lidstaten in het kader van het mechanisme van het Europees aanhoudingsbevel (EAB) geboden door het kaderbesluit betreffende het Europees aanhoudingsbevel (KEAB).

 

Aan de ene kant heeft dit laatste tot doel een verouderd en multilateraal  uitleveringsstelsel te vervangen door een eenvoudiger en doeltreffender stelsel dat gebaseerd is op de beginselen van wederzijds vertrouwen en wederzijdse erkenning. In wezen houdt het beginsel van wederzijds vertrouwen het vermoeden in dat alle lidstaten over voldoende en gelijkwaardige beschermingsnormen met betrekking tot de fundamentele rechten beschikken. Wat het beginsel van wederzijdse erkenning betreft, moeten alle lidstaten beslissingen van de autoriteiten van andere lidstaten als hun eigen beslissingen beschouwen. Samen zorgen deze beginselen ervoor dat wanneer een lidstaat een EAB uitvaardigt, hij redelijkerwijs kan verwachten dat deze door de aangezochte lidstaat wordt uitgevoerd. Met andere woorden kan de tenuitvoerlegging van een EAB alleen worden geweigerd onder bepaalde omstandigheden, die uitputtend zijn opgesomd in het EAB. 

 

Aan de andere kant vormt de bescherming van de fundamentele rechten geen van de genoemde omstandigheden en kan daarom in beginsel geen aanleiding zijn om een EAB niet ten uitvoer te leggen.  Strafrechtelijke zaken leiden echter door hun aard tot situaties waarin de grondrechten van de verdachte in gevaar zijn, met name het recht op een eerlijk proces en het recht om niet te worden gemarteld of aan onmenselijke of vernederende behandelingen te worden onderworpen. In het kader van het KEAB kunnen dergelijke schendingen zich bijvoorbeeld voordoen wanneer de uitvaardigende lidstaat, ondanks het algemene vermoeden dat alle lidstaten de grondrechten waarborgen, tekortkomingen vertoont met betrekking tot de onafhankelijkheid en de onpartijdigheid van zijn rechterlijke macht of met betrekking tot de voorwaarden van zijn gevangenissen.  In dit verband heeft het HvJ onlangs bevestigd dat het recht op een eerlijk proces en het recht om niet te worden onderworpen aan foltering of onmenselijke of vernederende behandeling, onder bepaalde omstandigheden worden erkend als de grondslagen voor uitzonderingen op de uitvoering van een EAB.

 

Gelet op het voorgaande wordt met het onderzoek getracht te begrijpen hoe en waarom de rechtspraak van het Hof lijkt verschoven te zijn van een prioritering van doeltreffende justitiële samenwerking in strafzaken op basis van de beginselen van wederzijds vertrouwen en wederzijdse erkenning naar een standpunt dat de grondrechten beter beschermt.

 

Om dit te doen, wordt een diepgaande analyse gemaakt van de evolutie van de rechtspraak van het HvJ in de afgelopen vijftien jaar en meer bepaald van de arresten van de Advocaten voor de Wereld, Radu, Melloni, Aranyosi en Caldararu en LM (van het oudste naar het meest recente arrest). De eerste drie zaken, waaruit blijkt dat het HvJ vroeger de voorkeur gaf aan een doeltreffende justitiële samenwerking boven de bescherming van de grondrechten, zijn weliswaar belangrijk, maar komen in deze samenvatting niet aan de orde. In plaats daarvan zal de nadruk worden gelegd op de meer recente zaken van Aranyosi en Caldararu en LM. Het is in deze zaken dat het Hof erkend heeft dat het recht om niet aan een onmenselijke en vernederende behandeling te worden onderworpen en het recht op een eerlijk proces uitzonderingen kunnen vormen op de plicht van de uitvoerende lidstaat om met de uitvaardigende lidstaat samen te werken en het EAB uit te voeren.

 

Op het eerste gezicht lijkt dit een stap in de goede richting om voorrang te geven aan de bescherming van de grondrechten boven doeltreffende justitiële samenwerking. Er zijn echter twee voorbehouden. Ten eerste heeft het HvJ alleen dergelijke uitzonderingen voor de “sterkste” grondrechten aanvaard. Aan de ene kant vormt het recht op een eerlijk proces immers een "toegangsrecht" dat het mogelijk maakt zijn of haar grondrechten voor de rechter te doen gelden. Aan de andere kant is het recht om niet te worden onderworpen aan foltering of aan onmenselijke en vernederende behandelingen absoluut, wat betekent dat het nooit aan beperkingen kan worden onderworpen. Of het HvJ bereid is deze uitzonderingen uit te breiden tot andere "zwakkere" grondrechten, zoals het recht op privacy, blijft onzeker. Ten tweede zijn de uitzonderingen onderworpen aan uiterst strenge eisen, en alleen in de meest uitzonderlijke omstandigheden en wanneer al het andere heeft gefaald, zal de uitvoerende lidstaat zich erop mogen beroepen. Ook hier zal alleen de tijd leren of het HvJ deze eisen de komende jaren minder streng zal maken. Hoewel de besluiten van Aranyosi en Caldararu en LM dus een stap in de goede richting zijn voor de bescherming van de grondrechten, kan het HvJ in dat opzicht nog veel doen.

Bibliografie

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