“Een alcoholprobleem is je eigen schuld, en andere mythes” – Destigmatisering van personen met een alcoholprobleem bij jongvolwassenen via het mythe-feitformat en geloofwaardige bronnen

Kim Claessens
Persbericht

Foute aannames over drankproblemen kunnen op de schop: “Communiceren over alcoholmisbruik doe je met verstand”

image 611

 

Fake news over alcoholmisbruik ontkrachten met feiten is de beste strategie om het stigma op die aandoening te doorbreken, stelt Kim Claessens, masterstudente bedrijfscommunicatie aan de KU Leuven. Dat zal meer probleemdrinkers ertoe aanzetten om professionele hulp te zoeken.

12,6 procent van de Belgen ouder dan 15 jaar kampte ooit met een alcoholprobleem, bleek uit de recentste gezondheidsenquête van Sciensano. Dat is niet alleen een bijzonder hoog aantal, het is ook een opvallende stijging tegenover een vorig onderzoek in 2013, dat nog uitkwam op een percentage van 9,1 procent. Behalve tot ernstige lichamelijke en psychische gezondheidsklachten kan overdreven alcoholgebruik leiden tot sociale en professionele problemen. En toch komen veel probleemdrinkers er niet toe zich te laten behandelen.

12,6 procent van de Belgen ouder dan 15 jaar kampte ooit met een alcoholprobleem.

Een belangrijke barrière om professionele hulp te zoeken is het hardnekkige stigma dat kleeft op alcoholmisbruik. Mensen zijn bang als alcoholicus te worden bestempeld en sociaal te worden uitgesloten. Dat leidt er vaak toe dat ze nog meer in moeilijkheden komen.

Stigmatiserende stempel

Masterstudente Kim Claessens (KU Leuven) onderzocht hoe het stigma op alcoholproblemen kan worden doorbroken. Dat deed ze in het verlengde van de Roes(t)-campagne van Te Gek?!, die drank- en drugsproblemen bespreekbaar wilde maken. Haar onderzoek vertrok van mediacampagnes die mythes over alcoholmisbruik aan de werkelijkheid toetsen: eerst wordt daarin een ongefundeerde aanname herhaald (‘een alcoholprobleem is je eigen schuld’), om die daarna met feiten te ontkrachten (‘personen met een alcoholprobleem kiezen niet voor hun ziekte’). Claessens stelde vast dat wetenschappers verdeeld waren over het effect van zulke campagnes. “Terwijl sommige onderzoekers stellen dat mythes herhalen een boemerangeffect heeft, bewijzen andere studies dat dat wel doeltreffend kan zijn”, zegt ze.

Als mensen inzien dat alcoholmisbruik geen keuze is, zijn ze bereid hun vooroordelen opzij te zetten.

Om een effectieve communicatiestrategie te vinden, voerde de onderzoekster een enquête uit bij 355 Vlaamse jongvolwassenen tussen 18 en 30 jaar – een leeftijdsgroep die volgens studies bijzonder kwetsbaar is voor drankmisbruik. Ze liet hen een aantal versies van een fictief krantenartikel over verantwoordelijkheid bij alcoholproblemen lezen. Namelijk: als mensen in de overtuiging verkeren dat een patiënt met een psychisch probleem zelf verantwoordelijk is voor zijn of haar ziekte, betekent dat vaak ook dat er een stigmatiserende stempel op die aandoening rust.

Vooroordelen opzijzetten

Uit haar onderzoek blijkt dat het herhalen van mythes over alcoholproblemen er niet toe leidt dat mensen die misvattingen voor waar aannemen. “Het is goed nieuws dat het gevreesde boemerangeffect niet optreedt”, zegt Kim Claessens. “Feiten aanreiken om foute aannames te ontkrachten is dus een goede communicatiestrategie.”

De onderzoekster toont aan dat die strategie ook het stigma op alcoholmisbruik kan verlichten. Zodra mensen inzien dat alcoholmisbruik een aandoening is waaraan de patiënt geen schuld heeft, zijn ze bereid hun vooroordelen opzij te zetten en personen met een drankprobleem niet langer uit te sluiten. “Nadat ze het krantenartikel hadden gelezen, hechtten de deelnemers aan de enquête bijvoorbeeld minder geloof aan het cliché dat zulke mensen een zwak karakter hebben. Dat zorgde ervoor dat ze voor hen eerder sympathie dan afkeer voelden, waardoor ze zich meer bereid verklaarden om een buur met een alcoholprobleem te accepteren”, legt Claessens uit.

Ze onderzocht ook wie die boodschap het best kan brengen. In de krantartikels die ze voor haar enquête gebruikte, kwamen een ex-patiënt en een psychiater aan het woord. “Zowel de ervaringsdeskundige als de medische expert bleek het nodige gezag te hebben om misvattingen over alcoholmisbruik te ontkrachten. De respondenten schatten hun betrouwbaarheid en hun deskundigheid hoog in“, stelt ze vast.

Niet schuldig

Op basis van haar onderzoek geeft Kim Claessens een aantal aanbevelingen voor de bedenkers van bewustmakingscampagnes over alcoholmisbruik. “Wie het stigma op die aandoening wil wegnemen, moet uitleggen waarom personen met een alcoholprobleem niet simpelweg schuldig zijn aan hun situatie. Leg daarbij de nadruk op feiten, selecteer en train ervaringsdeskundigen en medische experts, en blijf foute aannames geregeld corrigeren. Mythes over alcoholmisbruik kun je niet in één keer rechtzetten.”

Blijf foute aannames geregeld corrigeren. Mythes over alcoholmisbruik kun je niet in één keer rechtzetten.

De onderzoekster is kritisch op ontradende slogans als ‘Ons vakmanschap drink je met verstand’ die vaak in reclame van alcoholhoudende dranken opduiken. “Die leggen de verantwoordelijkheid bij de consument, maar mijn onderzoek wijst juist uit dat dat geen goed idee is. Ook communiceren over alcoholproblemen kun je beter doen met verstand”, zegt Claessens.

Bibliografie

Alexander, C. S., & Becker, H. J. (1978). The use of vignettes in survey research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42(1), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1086/268432

Appelman, A., & Sundar, S. S. (2016). Measuring message credibility: Construction and validation of an exclusive scale. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 93(1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699015606057

Boesman, J. L. J., & Costera-Meijer, I. C. (2018). “Don’t read me the news, tell me the story”: How news makers and storytellers negotiate journalism’s boundaries when preparing and presenting news stories. Official Research Journal of the International Symposium on Online Journalism, 8(1), 13-32. Geraadpleegd op http://isoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/FINALISOJ.pdf

Borschmann, R., Greenberg, N., Jones, N., & Henderson, R.C. (2014). Campaigns to reduce mental illness stigma in Europe: a scoping review. Die Psychiatrie, 11(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0038-1670735

Bos, A. E., Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., & Stutterheim, S. E. (2013). Stigma: Advances in theory and research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746147

Bräker, A. B., & Soellner, R. (2016). Alcohol drinking cultures of European adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 26(4), 581-586. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw033

Brown, S. A. (2011). Standardized measures for substance use stigma. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116(1-3), 137-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.005

Burrow (z.d.). Shadows of glasses on wall [afbeelding]. Geraadpleegd op https://www.pexels.com/photo/shadows-of-glasses-on-wall-5987212/

Carvalho, A. F., Heilig, M., Perez, A., Probst, C., & Rehm, J. (2019). Alcohol use disorders. The Lancet, 394(10200), 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31775-1

Chan, M.P., Jones, C.R., Hall Jamieson, K., & Albarracín, D. (2017). Debunking: A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Psychological Science, 28(11), 1531-1546. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797617714579

Choe, J. Y., Teplin, L. A., & Abram, K. M. (2008). Perpetration of violence, violent victimization, and severe mental illness: Balancing public health concerns. Psychiatric Services, 59(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.153

Chung, T., Martin, C. S., & Winters, K. C. (2005). Diagnosis, course, and assessment of alcohol abuse and dependence in adolescents. In M. Galanter, C. Lowman, G. M. Boyd, V. B. Faden, E. Witt & D. Lagressa (Reds.), Recent developments in alcoholism: Alcohol problems in adolescents and young adults (p.5-27). Boston, MA: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48626-1_1

Clark, T. W. (2020). Determinism and destigmatization: Mitigating blame for addiction. Neuroethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-020-09440-w

Cohen, E., Feinn, R., Arias, A., & Kranzler, H. R. (2007). Alcohol treatment utilization: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence86(2-3), 214-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.008

Cone, J., Flaharty, K., & Ferguson, M. J. (2019). Believability of evidence matters for correcting social impressions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 9802-9807. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1903222116

Connell, L., & Keane, M. T. (2006). A Model of Plausibility. Cognitive Science, 30(1), 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog0000_53

Corrigan P. W., & Penn, D. (1999). Lessons from social psychology on discrediting psychiatric stigma. American Psychologist, 54(9), 765-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.9.765

Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care.

Corrigan, P. W., Green, A., Lundin, R., Kubiak, M. A., & Penn, D. L. (2001a). Familiarity with and social distance from people who have serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 52(7), 953-958. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.953

Corrigan, P. W., Edwards, A. B., Green, A., Diwan, S. L., & Penn, D. L. (2001b). Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006868

Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. (2003). An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(2), 162-179. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519806  

Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59(7), 614-625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614

Corrigan, P. W., Markowitz, F. E., & Watson, A. C. (2004). Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007096

Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rüsch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: A meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services, 63(10), 963-973. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100529

Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., & Perlick, D. A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398

Corrigan, P. W. (2016). Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20295

Crisp, A., Gelder, M., Goddard, E., & Meltzer, H. (2005). Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: a follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. World psychiatry, 4(2), 106-13. Geraadpleegd op https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1414750/

Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gil-

Crocker, J., Major, B., & Steele, C. (1998). Social stigma. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Reds.), The handbook of social psychology (4e ed., p. 504-553). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Chou, P. S., Huang, B., & Ruan, W. J. (2005). Recovery from DSM-IV alcohol dependence: United States, 2001-2002. Addiction, 100(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00964.x

de Montellano, P.M.O. (2017). The Viewpoint of GAMIAN-Europe. In: W. Gaebel, W., Rössler & N. Sartorius (Reds.), The stigma of mental Illness - End of the story?. Cham, Zwitserland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_10

Degenhardt L., Charlson F., Ferrari A., Santomauro D., Erskine H., Mantilla-Herrara A., ... Vos, T. (2018). The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 987-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30337-7

Dolphin, L., & Hennessy, E. (2014). Adolescents׳ perceptions of peers with depression: An attributional analysis. Psychiatry Research, 218(3), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.051

Dor, D. (2003). On newspaper headlines as relevance optimizers. Journal of Pragmatics, 35, 695-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00134-0

Dovidio, J. F., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction

Dovidio, J. F., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Reds.), The social psychology of stigma (p. 1-28). New York, NY: Guilford. Geraadpleegd op https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224012639_Stigma_Introduction_and_overview

Dunlop, S. M., Wakefield, M., & Kashima, Y. (2010). Pathways to persuasion: Cognitive and experiential responses to health-promoting mass media messages. Communication Research, 37(1), 133-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650209351912

Earnshaw V. A. (2020). Stigma and substance use disorders: A clinical, research, and advocacy agenda. The American Psychologist, 75(9), 1300-1311. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000744

Ecker, U. K. H., & Antonio, L. (2021). Can you believe it? An investigation into the impact of retraction source credibility on the continued influence effect. Memory and Cognition. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qt4w8

Ecker, U. K. H., Hogan, J. L., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). Reminders and repetition of misinformation: Helping or hindering its retraction? Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(2), 185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Chang, E. P., & Pillai, R. (2014). The effects of subtle misinformation in news headlines. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 20(4), 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000028

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cheung, C. S. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2015). He did it! She did it! No, she did not! Multiple causal explanations and the continued influence of misinformation. Journal of Memory and Language, 85, 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.09.002

Ecker, U., Lewandowsky, S., & Chadwick, M. (2020). Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(41), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6

Fortney, J., Mukherjee, S., Curran, G., Fortney, S., Han, X., & Booth, B. M. (2004). Factors associated with perceived stigma for alcohol use and treatment among at-risk drinkers. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 31(4), 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02287693

Foy, J.E., LoCasto, P.C., Briner, S.W., & Dyen (2017). “Would a madman have been so wise as this?” The effects of source credibility and message credibility on validation. Memory and Cognition, 45, 281-295. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0656-1

Gabielkov, M., Ramachandran, A., Chaintreau, A., & Legout, A. (2016). Social clicks: What and who gets read on Twitter?. ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, 44(1), 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1145/2964791.2901462

Gisle, L., Demarest, S., & Drieskens, S. (2019). Gezondheidsenquête 2018: Gebruik van alcohol. Brussel, België: Sciensano. Geraadpleegd op http://www.gezondheidsenquete.be/

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Griffiths, K. M., Carron-Arthur, B., Parsons, A., & Reid, R. (2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 13(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20129

Guillory, J. J., & Geraci, L. (2013). Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: The role of source credibility. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2(4), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.001

Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113

Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Geraadpleegd op https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kuleuvenul/detail.action?docID=5109647

Henkel, L. A., & Mattson, M. E. (2011). Reading is believing: The truth effect and source credibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1705-1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.018

Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory

Herek, G. M. (2007). Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice. Journal of Social Issues, 63, 905-925. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x

Holmes, E. P., Corrigan, P. W., Williams, P., Canar, J., & Kubiak, M. A. (1999). Changing attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 447-456. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033392

Hovland, C. I., & Weiss, W. (1951). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness. Public Opinion Quarterly, 15, 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1086/266350

Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1–28). New York,

Johnson, H. M., & Seifert, C. M. (1994). Sources of the continued influence effect: When misinformation in memory affects later inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20, 1420-1436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.20.6.1420

Joinson, A. (1999). Social desirability, anonymity, and Internet-based questionnaires. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers: A Journal Of The Psychonomic Society, 31(3), 433-438. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03200723

Jones, E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. New York, NY: Freeman.

Kendeou, P., & O'Brien, E. J. (2014). The Knowledge Revision Components (KReC) framework: Processes and mechanisms. In D. N. Rapp & J. L. G. Braasch (Reds.), Processing inaccurate information: Theoretical and applied perspectives from cognitive science and the educational sciences (p. 353-377). Londen, Engeland: MIT Press. Geraadpleegd op http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qf9b7.20

Kendeou, P., Butterfuss, R., Van Boekel, M., & O'Brien, E. J. (2017). Integrating relational reasoning and knowledge revision during reading. Educational Psychology Review, 29(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9381-3

Kilian, C., Manthey, J., Carr, S., Hanschmidt, F., Rehm, J., Speerforck, S., & Schomerus, G. (2021). Stigmatization of people with alcohol use disorders: An updated systematic review of population studies. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14598

Klingemann H., & Gmel G. (2001) Introduction: Social consequences of alcohol — the forgotten dimension?. In: H. Klingemann, G. Gmel (Reds.), Mapping the social consequences of alcohol consumption. Dordrecht, Nederland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9725-8_1  

Laramée, P., Kusel, J., Leonard, S., Aubin, H. J., François, C., & Daeppen, J. B. (2013). The economic burden of alcohol dependence in Europe. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 48(3), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agt004

Latkin, C. A., Edwards, C., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Tobin, K. E. (2017). The relationship between social desirability bias and self-reports of health, substance use, and social network factors among urban substance users in Baltimore, Maryland. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 133-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.05.005

Lebowitz, M. S., & Ahn, W. K. (2012). Combining biomedical accounts of mental disorders with treatability information to reduce mental illness stigma. Psychiatric Services, 63(5), 496-499. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201100265

Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Albarracín, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., ... Zaragoza, M. S. (2020). The debunking handbook 2020. https://doi.org/10.17910/b7.1182

Link, B. G., & Cullen, F. T. (1983). Reconsidering the social rejection of ex-mental patients: Levels of attitudinal response. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(3), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00893367

Link, B. G. , Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1461-1500. https://doi.org/10.1086/228672

Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A.,  & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health., 89(9), 1328-1333. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.9.1328

Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363

Livingston, J. D., & Boyd, J. E. (2010). Correlates and consequences of internalized stigma for people living with mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 71(12), 2150-2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.030

Loch A. A., & Rössler W. (2017) Who Is Contributing?. In: W. Gaebel, W. Rössler & N. Sartorius (Reds.) The stigma of mental illness – End of the story?, Cham, Zwitserland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_6

Mekonen, T., Chan, G., Connor, J., Hall, W., Hides, L., & Leung, J. (2020). Treatment rates for alcohol use disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15357

National Academy of Sciences. (2017). Approaches to reduce stigma. In: Ending discrimination against people with mental and substance use disorders: The evidence for stigma change (p. 69-92). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/23442

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schultz, A., Andı, S., Robertson, C. T., & Nielsen, R. K. (2021). The Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021. Oxford, Verenigd Koninkrijk: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Geraadpleegd op
 https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2021-06/Digital_News_Report_2021_FINAL.pdf

Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The implicit association test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Red.), Social psychology and the unconscious: The automaticity of higher mental processes (p. 265-292). Psychology Press. Geraadpleegd op http://faculty.washington.edu/agg/IATmaterials/PDFs/NGB.BarghBookChapter.3Feb05.pdf

NY: Guilford

ogy (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 504–553). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill

Oswald, F. L., Mitchell, G., Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., & Tetlock, P. E. (2015). Using the IAT to predict ethnic and racial discrimination: Small effect sizes of unknown societal significance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(4), 562-571. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000023

Otero, J., & Kintsch, W. (1992). Failures to detect contradictions in a text: What readers believe versus what they read. Psychological Science, 3(4), 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00034.x

Palamar, J. J., Kiang, M. V, & Halkitis, P. N. (2011). Development and psychometric evaluation of scales that assess stigma associated with illicit drug users. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(12), 1457-1467. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.596606

Paynter, J., Luskin-Saxby, S., Keen, D., Fordyce, K., Frost, G., Imms, C., … Ecker, U. (2019). Evaluation of a template for countering misinformation – Real-world Autism treatment myth debunking. PLoS ONE, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210746

Penn, D. L., Guynan, K., Daily, T., Spaulding, W. D., Garbin, C. P., & Sullivan, M. (1994). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: What sort of information is best?. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 20(3), 567-578. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/20.3.567

Pescosolido, B. A., Monahan, J., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Kikuzawa, S. (1999). The public's view of the competence, dangerousness, and need for legal coercion of persons with mental health problems. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1339-1345. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.89.9.1339

Pescosolido, B. A., Martin, J. K., Long, J. S., Medina, T. R., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2010). A “disease like any other”? A decade of change in public reactions to schizophrenia, depression, and alcohol dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 1321-1330. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09121743

Pescosolido, B. A., Medina, T. R., Martin, J. K., & Long, J. S. (2013). The “backbone” of stigma: Identifying the global core of public prejudice associated with mental illness. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 853-860. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301147

Peter, C., & Koch, T. (2016). When debunking scientific myths fails (and when it does not): The backfire effect in the context of journalistic coverage and immediate judgments as prevention strategy. Science Communication, 38(1), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015613523

Pickard, H. (2017). Responsibility without blame for addiction. Neuroethics, 10, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-016-9295-2

Pluviano, S., Watt, C., Ragazzini, G., & Della Sala, S. (2019). Parents' beliefs in misinformation about vaccines are strengthened by pro-vaccine campaigns. Cognitive Processing, 20(3), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-019-00919-w  

Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades’ evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 243-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02547.x

Pryor, J. B., & Reeder, G. D. (2011). HIV-related stigma. In J. C. Hall, B. J. Hall & C. J. Cockerell (Reds.), HIV/AIDS in the post-HAART era: Manifestations, treatment, and epidemiology (p. 790-806). Shelton, CT: PMPH-USA. Geraadpleegd op https://b-ok.global/book/3108920/8cfdcc

Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., & Monroe, A. E. (2012). The infection of bad company: Stigma by association.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(2), 224-241. https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0026270

Putnam, A. L., Wahlheim, C. N., & Jacoby, L. L. (2014). Memory for flip-flopping: Detection and recollection of political contradictions. Memory & cognition, 42(7), 1198-1210. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758%2Fs13421-014-0419-9  

Rehm J., Mathers, C., Popova, S., Thavorncharoensap, M., Teerawattananon, Y., & Patra, J. (2009). Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet, 373, 2223-2233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60746-7

Rise, J., Aarø, L., Halkjelsvik, T., & Kovač, V. (2014). The distribution and role of causal beliefs, inferences of responsibility, and moral emotions on willingness to help addicts among Norwegian adults. Addiction Research & Theory, 22, 117-125. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.785532

Room, R. (2005). Stigma, social inequality and alcohol and drug use. Drug Alcohol Review, 24, 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230500102434

Rüsch, N., Muller, M., Lay, B., Corrigan, P. W., Zahn, R., Schonenberger, T., … Rössler, W. (2014). Emotional reactions to involuntary psychiatric hospitalization and stigma-related stress among people with mental illness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264, 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-013-0412-5

Salter, M., & Byrne, P. (2000). The stigma of mental illness: How you can use the media to reduce it. Psychiatric Bulletin, 24(8), 281-283. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.24.8.281

Sattler, S., Escande, A., Racine, E., & Göritz, A. S. (2017). Public stigma toward people with drug addiction: A factorial survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(3), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2017.78.415

Schomerus, G. (2014). The stigma of alcohol and other substance abuse. In P. W. Corrigan (Red.), The stigma of disease and disability: Understanding causes and overcoming injustices (p. 57-72). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14297-004

Schomerus, G., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Lucht, M., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2010). Public attitudes towards alcohol dependence. Psychiatrische Praxis, 37(3), 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1223438

Schomerus, G., Lucht, M., Holzinger, A., Matschinger, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2011). The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: A review of population studies. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 46(2), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1223438

Schomerus, G., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2014). Attitudes towards alcohol dependence and affected individuals: Persistence of negative stereotypes and illness beliefs between 1990 and 2011. European Addiction Research, 20(6), 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1159/000362407

Schomerus, G., Schwahn, C., Holzinger, A., Corrigan, P. W., Grabe, H. J., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2012). Evolution of public attitudes about mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatric Scandinavica, 125, 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2012.01826.x

Schwarz, N., Newman, E., & Leach, W. (2016). Making the truth stick & the myths fade: Lessons from cognitive psychology. Behavioral Science & Policy 2(1), 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsp.2016.0009

Sheehan L., Nieweglowski K., & Corrigan P.W. (2017) Structures and Types of Stigma. In: W. Gaebel, W. Rössler & N. Sartorius (Reds.). The stigma of mental illness - End of the story?. Cham, Zwitserland: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27839-1_3

Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2002). Accepting threatening information: Self-affirmation and the reduction of defensive biases. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(4), 119-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00182 

Siegel, J. T., Flores-Medel, E., Martinez, D. A., & Berger, D. E. (2019). Can mental health anti-stigma messages have untoward effects on some people with depression?: An exploratory study. Journal of Health Communication, 24(11), 821-828. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2019.1672838

Sparks, J. R., & Rapp, D. N. (2011). Readers’ reliance on source credibility in the service of comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(1), 230-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021331

Stadtler, M., Scharrer, L., Brummernhenrich, B., & Bromme, R. (2013). Dealing with uncertainty: Readers' memory for and use of conflicting information from science texts as function of presentation format and source expertise. Cognition and Instruction, 31(2), 130-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2013.769996

Statbel (2021). Bevolking naar woonplaats, nationaliteit (Belg/niet-Belg), burgerlijke staat, leeftijd en geslacht. Geraadpleegd op https://bestat.statbel.fgov.be/bestat/crosstable.xhtml?view=161080d2-d411-4e40-9a0f-a27db5e2b6e1

Stuenkel, D.L., & Wong, V.K. (2009). Stigma. In P.D. Larsen & I.M. Lubkin (Reds.), Chronic Illness: Impact and Intervention. (p. 47-74). Boston, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Surber, J. R., & Schroeder, M. (2007). Effect of prior domain knowledge and headings on processing of informative text. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 32(3), 485-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2006.08.002

Swire, B., Ecker, U. K., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017). The role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43(12), 1948-1961. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000422

Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J., & Lazer, D. (2020). Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 9(3), 286-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006

Time to Change. (z.d.). Myths and facts. Geraadpleegd op https://www.time-to-change.org.uk/about-mental-health/myths-facts

van Boekel, M., Lassonde, K. A., O’Brien, E. J., & Kendeou, P. (2017). Source credibility and the processing of refutation texts. Memory and Cognition, 45, 168-181. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0649-0 

van der Meer, T. G., & Jin, Y. (2020). Seeking formula for misinformation treatment in public health crises: The effects of corrective information type and source. Health Communication, 35(5), 560-575. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1573295 

Vraga, E. K., & Bode, L. (2017). Using expert sources to correct health misinformation in social media. Science Communication, 39(5), 621-645. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017731776

Vyncke, B., & van Gorp, B. (2018). An experimental examination of the effectiveness of framing strategies to reduce mental health stigma. Journal of Health Communication, 23(10-11), 899-908. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1538272

Vyncke, B., & Van Gorp, B. (2020). Using counterframing strategies to enhance anti-stigma campaigns related to mental illness. Social Science & Medicine, 258, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113090

Wahl, O. F. ( 2004 ). Stop the presses: Journalistic treatment of mental illness. In L. D. Friedman (Red.), Cultural sutures: Medicine and media (p. 55-69 ). New York, NY: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822385530

Walter, N., & Murphy, S.T. (2018). How to unring the bell: A meta-analytic approach to correction of misinformation. Communication Monographs, 85(3), 423-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2018.1467564

Wang, P.S., Berglund, P., Olfson, M., Pincus, H., Wells, K.B., & Kessler, R.C. (2005). Failure and delay in initial treatment contact after first onset of mental disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 603-613. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.603

Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of responsibility: A foundation for a theory of social conduct. New York: Guilford Press.

Wereldgezondheidsorganisatie. (z.d.) DALYs/ YLDs definition. Geraadpleegd op https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/158

What a Difference. (z.d.). Myths and facts. Geraadpleegd op http://mhaac.org/uploads/documents/What%20A%20Difference-ENG.pdf

Wong, E. C., Collins, R. L., Cerully, J., Seelam, R., & Roth, B. (2017). Racial and ethnic differences in mental illness stigma and discrimination among Californians experiencing mental health challenges. Rand Health Quarterly, 6(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.7249/RR1441

Yeh, M. A., & Jewell, R. D. (2015). The myth/fact message frame and persuasion in advertising: Enhancing attitudes toward the mentally ill. Journal of Advertising, 44(2), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2015.1018466

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Bedrijfscommunicatie
Publicatiejaar
2021
Promotor(en)
dr. Bart Vyncke
Kernwoorden
Share this on: