HOW DOES MCCOPE HELP PLANTS TO COPE WITH NEMATODES?

Jasper Matthys
Persbericht

“Plantenvaccins” als duurzaam alternatief voor pesticiden

Om de groeiende wereldbevolking te blijven voeden moet de landbouw haar productie verder verhogen, terwijl het belang van een ecologische voedselproductie verder toeneemt. Consumenten keren zich steeds vaker af van chemische pesticiden, maar hoe zullen we in de toekomst onze gewassen gezond houden? Kunnen we planten vaccineren?

Sinds de Corona-pandemie is iedereen wel vertrouwd geraakt met het belang van vaccinaties om ziektes te bestrijden. Zo versterken we het immuunsysteem om met ons eigen lichaam de ziekte te verslaan. Is het dan zo’n gek idee om onze gewassen te vaccineren om het gebruik van chemische pesticiden te verlagen? Zeker niet!

Het planten-immuunsysteem is verschillend van dat van dieren, maar kan mits gepaste stimulatie zich ook voorbereiden op een toekomstige besmetting. Dit noemen we in planten ‘geïnduceerde resistentie’ en is conceptueel vergelijkbaar met een vaccinatie. Deze benadering brengt ook voordelen in vergelijking met het gebruik van pesticiden. Omdat we het immuunsysteem van de plant activeren zijn we niet op zoek naar toxische chemicaliën die naast voor de ziekte ook voor de omgeving en de mens toxisch kunnen zijn. Daarenboven zorgt dit ervoor dat de plantenziektes minder snel resistent worden tegen de behandeling. Tot slot resulteert geïnduceerde resistentie vaak in bescherming tegen diverse soorten ziektes en zelfs tolerantie tegen hitte, droogte en andere omgevingsstressoren, wat erg verschillend is van een vaccinatie, waarbij slechts één specifieke ziekte herkend wordt door het immuunsysteem.

In mijn thesis werd onderzoek verricht naar een specifiek plantenvaccin, “mCCOPE”. mCCOPE is een biologisch extract gebaseerd op meloenenschillen en dus een duurzame manier om plantenziektes te bestrijden. Dit extract staat ons toe om een afvalstroom te valoriseren tot een natuurlijk en hoogwaardig plantenbeschermingsproduct om zo bij te dragen aan een duurzamere landbouw. In mijn thesis werd er specifiek gefocust op de behandeling van rijstplanten om resistentie tegen de nematode (of rondworm) Meloidogyne graminicola te bekomen. Meloidogyne graminicola is een microscopisch kleine worm die de wortels van de rijstplant binnendringt en zich er voedt. Algemeen wordt geschat dat planten parasiterende nematoden jaarlijks meer dan 65 miljard euro aan schade berokkenen in de wereldwijde landbouw. Verder hebben recente ontwikkelingen in de rijstkweek, met als doel om duurzamere rijst te produceren, geleid tot een toename in besmettingen met Meloidogyne graminicola. Daarenboven zijn de traditionele nematiciden (pesticiden gebruikt tegen nematoden) extreem toxisch en schadelijk voor het milieu. Dus om de productie van rijst in de toekomst op een duurzame wijze te garanderen is er dringend nood aan alternatieve beschermingsmiddelen. Het vaccineren van rijst met bijvoorbeeld mCCOPE kan een eerste stap in de goede richting zijn.

Het doel van mijn thesis was om na te gaan wat het precieze effect is van een mCCOPE vaccinatie op het rijstimmuunsysteem en dit op een moleculair niveau. Zo kunnen we ons begrip van deze vaccinatie strategieën verder uitbouwen en op lange termijn gewassen proberen te kweken met een betere immuunrespons en gevoeligheid voor deze plantenvaccins. Om het effect op het immuunsysteem na te gaan werd gekeken naar de activiteit van de genen in de plant via een analyse van het mRNA. mRNA zijn moleculen die als een template werken voor de plantencel en de informatie bevatten voor de synthese van eiwitten. Deze eiwitten kunnen op hun beurt bijdragen aan de verdediging van de plantencel. Hier werd er gezien dat mCCOPE diverse verdedigingssignalen en -genen activeert en dus effectief het immuunsysteem stimuleert. Verder werden typische verdedigingsmechanismen biochemisch gevalideerd. Zo zagen we dat mCCOPE plantenhormonen beïnvloedt en ook de vorming van fysische barrières stimuleert.

Vervolgens werd ook nagegaan of het plantenvaccin de groei van de plant beïnvloedt en of het toxisch is voor Meloidogyne graminicola. Hieruit bleek dat rijstplanten na herhaaldelijke behandeling met mCCOPE niet slechter groeiden en evenveel rijst produceerden. Het plantenvaccin kan dus toegepast worden in de landbouw zonder lange termijn negatieve effecten op de plantengroei. Daarnaast bleek ook dat het extract een negatief effect heeft op de Meloidogyne graminicola infectie, zowel door de activatie van het rijstimmuunsysteem als door een toxisch effect op de nematode.

Dus kunnen we planten “vaccineren”? Ja, en zelfs door gebruik te maken van plantaardig afval! Verder onderzoek naar deze duurzame en biologische manier van plantenbescherming zal ons het plantenimmuunsysteem beter kunnen laten begrijpen en ons toestaan om hier beter gebruik van te maken. Zo kunnen we streven naar een duurzamere, gezondere landbouw en wie weet ooit het gebruik van chemische pesticiden stoppen…

 

 

"Microscopische foto van Meloidogyne graminicola"

In bijschrift:             Microscopische foto’s van rijstwortels geïnfecteerd met de nematode Meloidogyne graminicola. De linker foto toont het vroege infectie stadium, de rechter foto toont een volwassen nematode die eitjes legt (witte pijl).

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Science in Bioscience Engineering: Cell and Gene Biotechnology
Publicatiejaar
2021
Promotor(en)
prof. dr. ir. Tina Kyndt
Kernwoorden
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