Post-traumatic dysfunctional behavior and emotional distress in working dogs
Viervoetige veteranen vertonen tekenen van PTSS
De gevolgen van traumatiserende gebeurtenissen – kunnen we mens en dier met elkaar vergelijken?
Shell shock, war neurosis, soldier’s heart syndrome... Veel mensen hebben deze termen al eens eerder gehoord. Vandaag de dag wordt deze brede waaier aan benamingen verzameld onder het begrip Post-Traumatische Stress Stoornis (PTSS). U weet ongetwijfeld dat PTSS voorkomt bij menselijke veteranen en u bent zich waarschijnlijk bewust van de mogelijke gevolgen die militaire dienst met zich meedragen. Maar wist u dat hun trouwe werkpartners, militaire werkhonden, ook kunnen lijden aan gelijkaardige consequenties?
PTSS – een humaan begrip
PTSS is een begrip dat vooral gekend is in de humane geneeskunde. Het is een concept dat erg is mee geëvalueerd met de tijd en met de omgeving. PTSS is een psychische stoornis die wordt gekenmerkt door verscheidene gedragsveranderingen die personen kunnen ontwikkelen na blootstelling aan een traumatische ervaring. In het begin werd PTSS voornamelijk op grotere schaal waargenomen na gevechtsgerelateerde gebeurtenissen. Later werd hetzelfde fenomeen herkend bij slachtoffers van andere soorten trauma's, zoals seksueel geweld, natuurrampen, of zelfs de huidige COVID-19 pandemie.
Getraumatiseerde dieren
Vandaag de dag wordt aangenomen dat ook dieren tekenen kunnen vertonen die verband houden met een PTSS-achtige stoornis. Het wetenschappelijk onderzoek over PTSS bij dieren is echter beperkt en heeft vooral betrekking op knaagdieren, als model voor de mens. Zo ontwikkelen deze knaagdieren gedragsveranderingen die vergelijkbaar zijn met de menselijke symptomen, zoals verandering van slaapritme, angstig gedrag en overdreven reacties op kleine prikkels.
Ook in andere diersoorten worden PTSS-achtige syndromen vermoed. Zo zijn er verschillende voorbeelden beschreven bij olifanten. Deze dieren kunnen te maken krijgen met erg ingrijpende gebeurtenissen, zoals het uitroeien van de rest van kudde. Sommige overlevende dieren vertonen daarna ernstige gedragsveranderingen, zoals depressiviteit en agressie. Ook bij chimpansees werden gelijkaardige verhalen gerapporteerd. Deze primaten ontwikkelen langdurige gedragsstoornissen na een traumatische ervaring, zoals langdurig biomedisch onderzoek. De chimpansees vertoonden o.a. automutilatie, overdreven angst en agressief gedrag.
Vooral bij militaire werkhonden wordt het begrip caniene-PTSS al gebruikt.
Honden met een geschiedenis
Als we dan kijken naar onze honden, stoten we vrij snel op het einde van de wetenschap. Zowel bij huisdierhonden als werkhonden zijn er enkele zeldzame reportages van gedragsveranderingen na trauma. Bij huisdierhonden zijn er een paar studies die aantonen dat bij honden na natuurrampen of na mishandeling meer abnormaal gedrag werd gezien dan bij honden die dit niet hebben meegemaakt.
Het is echter vooral bij werkhonden dat verscheidene reportages beschreven zijn waarbij PTSS-achtige stoornissen kunnen worden vermoed en dan voornamelijk bij werkhonden in militaire setting. Er wordt geschat dat vijf tot tien procent van deze populatie zou lijden aan deze aandoening. Aangetaste honden vertonen dan gedragingen zoals het niet meer willen uitvoeren van hun normale taken, verhoogde waakzaamheid, of scherpe veranderingen in karakter. Daarbij kunnen de honden ongewoon agressief worden, of net erg aanhankelijk en schuchter. In 2010 werd een commissie aangesteld om deze informatie te structureren en te labelen. Hier werd voor het eerst het concept van canine-PTSS (c-PTSS) naar voren gebracht als een mogelijke diagnostische term voor dit fenomeen.
Vanwege de zeer grote publieke interesse en de veelvuldige rapporteringen over mogelijke c-PTSS gevallen, werd het essentieel dat dit verder werd uitgeklaard. In deze masterproef werd dan ook de wetenschappelijke literatuur over werkhonden tijdens traumatische gebeurtenissen systematisch geanalyseerd. Uit de literatuur konden enkele zaken worden opgemerkt. Allereerst werd snel duidelijk dat er vooral gefocust werd op de fysieke gevolgen van tewerkstelling van de honden, en dat het gedragsmatige aspect regelmatig niet werd onderzocht. Desondanks werden er toch af en toe enkele abnormale gedragingen gerapporteerd. Er werd gezien dat klachten die passend zijn bij werkhonden met c-PTSS plotselinge gedragsveranderingen zijn. Deze gedragsveranderingen zijn pas ontstaan na het schokkende evenement en waren niet aanwezig voor de tewerkstelling. Dit gedrag kan zich uiten in o.a. veranderde waakzaamheid, stemmingswisselingen en vermijdingsgedrag.
Er wordt geschat dat vijf tot tien procent van de populatie militaire werkhonden zou leiden aan deze aandoening.
Vergelijkbare hersenwerking
Het is al meermaals aangetoond dat honden verschillende hersenfuncties en neurologische aandoeningen hebben die vergelijkbaar zijn met die van de mens, zoals bijvoorbeeld epilepsie en narcolepsie – een ziekte waarbij men last heeft van onbedwingbare slaap. Bovendien bestaan er vergelijkbare gedragsstoornissen met overeenkomstige onderliggende werkingsmechanismes, zoals angststoornissen en obsessief-compulsieve stoornissen. Het is nog niet onderzocht of dit ook het geval is met c-PTSS, maar dit zou het onderwerp van verder onderzoek kunnen zijn.
Emotionele littekens
PTSS bij honden is nog een relatief onbekende psychische stoornis en is nog maar zelden onderzocht. Tot op heden is er maar weinig wetenschappelijk onderzoek beschikbaar om de aandoening te bewijzen. Toch zijn er aanwijzingen dat c-PTSS kan bestaan bij honden na traumatische gebeurtenissen. Aangezien gedragsproblemen een veel voorkomend probleem zijn bij gezelschapsdieren en werkhonden in het bijzonder, is het van essentieel belang dat deze problemen verder worden onderzocht en besproken.
Abnormaal gedrag van werkhonden kan de werkprestaties beïnvloeden, kan leiden tot het beschadigen van de band met de begeleider en kan leiden tot een verminderd welzijn van mens en dier. We zijn het aan de beste vriend én trouwe werkpartner van de mens verschuldigd dat we het bewustzijn over c-PTSS vergroten. Verder onderzoek naar deze stoornis is gerechtvaardigd om het welzijn en de productiviteit van werkhonden optimaal te houden, om zo de kwaliteit van hun werk en leven te waarborgen.
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